Proteins that provide favorable conditions for the correct folding of other proteins. Newly made proteins usually must fold from a linear chain of amino acids into a three-dimensional form. Group II chaperonins, the variant found in eukaryotic cytosol, are also referred to as CCT, which stands for "chaperonin containing TCP-1."

Animals characterized by higher activity during the day and sleeping more at night.

The process in which information stored in DNA is converted into instructions for making proteins or other molecules. Gene expression is highly regulated. It allows a cell to respond to factors in its environment and involves two processes: transcription and translation. Gene expression can be turned on or off, or it can simply be increased or decreased.

The thousands of biochemical processes that run all of the various cellular processes that produce energy. Since energy generation is so fundamental to all other processes, in some cases the word metabolism may refer more broadly to the sum of all chemical reactions in the cell.

Tiny organelles inside cells that produce energy in the presence of oxygen. Mitochondria are referred to as the "powerhouses of the cell" because of their role in the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Mitochondria are continuously undergoing a process of self-renewal known as mitophagy in order to repair damage that occurs during their energy-generating activities.

A portmanteau of the words protein and homeostasis. Proteostasis is maintained through the competing and integrated biological pathways within cells that control the biogenesis, folding, trafficking and degradation of proteins present within and outside the cell. Proteostasis deteriorates with age. As a result, the prevalence of age-related protein misfolding diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, increases.